Geography+(Its+Nature+and+Perspective)

__** College Board: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives Unit Outline **__
I. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives

A. Geography as a field of inquiry B. Evolution of key geographical concepts and models associated with notable geographers C. Key concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern,regionalization, and globalization D. Key geographical skills
 * 1) How to use and think about maps and spatial data
 * 2) How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places
 * 3) How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes
 * 4) How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process
 * 5) How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places

E. New geographic technologies, such as GIS and GPS F. Sources of geographical ideas and data: the field, census data

To Map Types
=__ College Board Outline: __= = 1. Geography as a field of Inquiry =
 * ====Geography is an exiciting field of investigation that focuses on understanding the world and its patterns.====
 * ====Two types of geography are Physical and Human.====
 * ====Human Geography is primarily concerned with analyzing the structures,processes,and locations of the earth's human creations and their interactions.====

= **2. Key Geographical Concepts,Models, & Geographers** =


 * __ Key Geographic Concepts and Models associated with Notable Geographers __**

||||  ||   || low order good, high order good Spatial distributions of hamlets, villages, towns and cities ||  ||  ||   ||   || // Periphery // - LDCs-(Africa, Latin America, most of Asia) (recent add) //semi-periphery//- places where core and periphery processes are both occurring (China, India and the 4 Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore) ||  || Stage 2-rapid decline CDR; very high CBR Stage 3-rapid declining CDR; declining CBR Stage 4-very low CDR/CBR ||  || Temperate climate of Europe lead to greater human efficiency and better standards of living ||   || Events can be both… Such as a war which can unite as well as divide people ||  || 2. **__ Preconditions for takeoff __** - elite group initiates the economic activities, investment in technology and infrastructure stimulating an increase in productivity 3. **__ Takeoff __**** - ** rapid growth in limited economic activities (i.e. textiles), majority of the economy dominated by traditional practices 4. **__ Drive to maturity __**** - ** modern technologies diffuse to a wide variety of industries resulting in rapid growth, labor more skilled and specialized 5. ** __Age of mass consumption__ ** - consumer goods become focus of economy ||  || 1- Central Business District (CBD) 2- Wholesale, Light Manufacturing 3- Low-class Residential 4- Medium-Class Residential 5- High-class Residential 6- Heavy Manufacturing 7- Outlying Business District 8- Residential Suburb 9- Industrial Suburb ||  || > Economic model, transportation costs significant > > (Pre-Central Place Theory) > > media type="custom" key="21881798"
 * ** THEORIST ** || ** THEORY ** ||||||< ** EXPLANATION ** ||  ||
 * Johann Heinrich von Thünen || Agricultural Theory of Concentric Circles ||< # City center / market
 * 1) Market gardening
 * 2) Forest
 * 3) Grains
 * 4) Ranching
 * Walter Christaller || Central Place Theory ||||||< Hexagon shape (compromise of square/circle) – trade areas Urban hierarchy, range, threshold,
 * Ernest Burgess || Concentric Zone ||||< # CBD
 * 1) Transition-industry/poor housing
 * 2) Stable working class
 * 3) Middle class
 * 4) Commuter zone - suburbs
 * Immanuel Wallerstein || Core-Periphery (World Systems Analysis) ||||||< // Core // – MDCs-use the resources of the periphery (N. America, Europe, Japan and Australia)
 * Warren Thompson || Demographic Transition Model ||||||< Stage 1-very high CDR and CBR
 * Elsworth Huntington || Environmental Determinism ||||||< Climate and terrain were a major determinant of civilization
 * Richard Hartshorne || centripetal / centrifugal ||||||< centripetal- forces that unify centrifugal- forces that divide
 * W.W. Rostow || Modernization Model(5 stages of development) ||||||< 1. **__ Traditional society __** -no modern industrial development, agrarian, % of wealth in “nonproductive” activities (i.e. military and religion)
 * Chauncey Harris /E.L. Ullman || Multiple Nuclei Model ||||||< A city consists of a collection of individual nodes, or centers, around which different types of people and activities cluster
 * Distribution of agricultural activities around the city depends on bulk and perishability of products.


 * __ Key Geographic Concepts and Models associated with Notable Geographers __**

1) Who rules Eastern Europe commands the Heartland 2) Who rules the Heartland commands the world island 3) Who rules the world island commands the world ||<  || Distance they typically move: internal (interregional & intraregional), international (voluntary/forced)  Migrant characteristics: most likely-single, males ||<   || Triangular principle: 2 points = raw material locations top point = market  Dot = Industrial plant would be located within the triangle dependent on bulk/weight of finished  product, raw materials and corresponding transportation costs  WEIGHT-GAINING: finished goods weigh MORE than raw materials; factory closer to market  WEIGHT-REDUCING: finished goods weigh LESS than raw materials; factory farther from market ||<   || Culture determines the people’s response to the environment ||<   || the next largest city and more than twice as significant. -1939 (New York, London, Paris)  2- Transportation and industry  3- Low-class residential  4- Middle-class residential  5- High-class residential ||<  ||
 * < ** THEORIST ** ||< ** THEORY ** ||< ** EXPLANATION ** ||<  ||
 * < Halford Mackinder ||< Heartland Theory ||< Geopolitical thought- explains why NATO and the WARSAW pact existed – control of Eastern Europe
 * < E. G. Ravenstein ||< Laws of Migration ||< Reasons why migrants move: economic, cultural, environmental push and pull factors
 * < Alfred Weber ||< Least Cost Theory ||< Location of manufacturing
 * < Vidal De La Blache ||< Possibilism ||< Human Environment Interaction - Humans have a wide range of potential actions within an environment, they respond based on their value systems, attitudes and cultural attributes.
 * < Mark Jefferson ||< Primate Cities / Rank Size Rule ||< ** PRIMATE **** CITY ** - A country's leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling (culture). The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as
 * RANK SIZE RULE ** - idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proptional to its rank in the hierarchy. ||<  ||
 * < Nicholas Spykman ||< Rimland Theory ||< Eurasian rim not the Heartland is/was the key to global power. Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia; who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world ||<  ||
 * < Homer Hoyt ||< Sector Model ||< 1- Central Business District

= **3. Concepts associated with the Geographical Perspective** =

** Location **

 * ====Location is typically defined as being the first out of the five themes of geography, and the geographical situation of people and things.====
 * ====Different types of location such as: Absolute, Relative and how geographers use them.====
 * ====Location helps to establish the context within which events and processes are situated.====

** Space **

 * ==== Space was defined by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess as "social relations stretched out" ====
 * ====It is vital to know the difference between space and place.====

** Place **

 * ==== Place is defined as being the fourth out the five themes of geography, and is the uniqueness of a location. ====
 * ====All places on Earth have unique human and physical characteristics.====

** Scale **

 * ====Scale is typically defined as being the ratio between the size of an area on a map and he actual size of that same area on the earth's surface====
 * ====Scale is about size, either relative or absolute, and involves a fundamental set of issues in geography.====
 * Pattern **
 * ====Pattern is typically defined as being the design of spatial distribution.====
 * ====By looking at a map of how something is distributed across space, a geographer can raise questions about how arrangement came about, what processes create and sustain the particular pattern of the distribution, and what the relationships exist between different places and things.====

Regionalization

 * The tendency to form regions or the process of doing so.

** Globalization **

 * ==== Globalization is typically defined as being the expansion of economic,political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. ====

political organization of space, and human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization.
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=** 4. Geographical Skills **=
 * ====How to use and think about maps and spatial data====
 * ====How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places====
 * ====How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes====
 * ====How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process====
 * ====How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among place====

[]

= **5. Geographic Technologies** =


 * ====Geographers use many different Geographic technologies, here are just a few.====


 * ====//__Geographic Information Systems (GIS)__//- A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded,stored,retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user.====


 * ====//__Remote Sensing__// is typically describe as a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (e.i. Satellites) that are physically distant from the area or object of study.====


 * ====//__Global Positioning System (GPS)__//- Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features====

= **6. Sources** = College Board

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